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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 36(4): 1331-1336, Dec. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-975704

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar de manera integral los parámetros morfométricos de la vértebra axis (C2) en la población mexicana involucrados en la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos con el fin de proveer datos cuantitativos indispensables en su abordaje quirúrgico. Para este estudio se utilizaron un total de 576 vértebras axis (C2) de población mexicana contemporánea. Las mediciones de las vértebras se efectuaron bilateralmente utilizando un vernier digital milimétrico con una precisión de 0.01 mm (Mitutoyo Digimatic w/Absolute Encoders- Series 500). Un total de 576 vértebras axis (C2), fueron medidas de manera bilateral, todas nuestras mediciones se reportaron en mm. El promedio del ancho del pedículo fue de 8,96 mm con una DE ± 2,11 mm. El promedio de la altura del pedículo fue de 10,82 mm con una DE de ± 1,89 mm. El promedio de la altura del proceso odontoideo fue de 16,90 mm con una DE de ± 2,99 mm. El promedio del ancho del proceso odontoideo fue de 9,99 mm con una de DE de ± 0,80 mm. El promedio del diámetro de la faceta articular fue de 8,44 mm con una DE de ± 1,04 mm. El promedio del diámetro AP del cuerpo vertebral fue de 15,11 mm con una DE de ± 1,88 mm. El promedio del diámetro trasverso del cuerpo vertebral fue de 17,93 mm con una DE de ± 2,22 mm. El promedio de la altura del cuerpo vertebral fue de 18,54 mm con una DE de 2,38 mm. El promedio de la altura de las láminas fue de 11,53 mm con una DE de ± 1,39 mm. El promedio del ancho de las láminas fue de 6,10 mm con una DE de ± 1,44 mm. Los resultados obtenidos en nuestras mediciones demuestran una variación con los resultados de otros autores en diferentes estudios de piezas osteológicas y de estudios de imagen del axis (C2), lo que sugiere, con el fin de reducir los riesgo de daño a estructuras neurovasculares, utilizar técnicas y medidas especiales para la estabilización atlantoaxial de la población mexicana.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphometric parameters of the axis vértebra (C2) in the Mexican population involved in the performance of surgical procedures in order to provide essential quantitative data in their surgical approach. A total of 576 axis vertebrae (C2) of contemporary Mexican population were used for this study. The measurements of the vertebrae were made bilaterally using a millimeter digital vernier with an accuracy of 0.01 millimeters (Mitutoyo Digimatic w / Absolute Encoders - Series 500). A total of 576 axis vertebrae (C2) were measured bilaterally, all our measurements were reported in millimeters. The average width of the pedicle was 8.96 mm with a SD ± 2.11 mm. The average height of the pedicle was 10.82 mm with a SD of ± 1.89 mm. The average height of the odontoid process was 16.90 mm with a SD of ± 2.99 mm. The average width of the odontoid process was 9.99 mm with a SD of ± 0.80 mm. The average diameter of the articular facet was 8.44 mm with a SD of ± 1.04 mm. The average diameter of the AP of the vertebral body was 15.11 mm with a SD of ± 1.88 mm. The average transverse diameter of the vertebral body was 17.93 mm with a SD of ± 2.22 mm. The average height of the vertebral body was 18.54 mm with a SD of 2.38 mm. The average height of the lamina was 11.53 mm with a SD of ± 1.39 mm. The average width of the lamina was 6.10 mm with a SD of ± 1.44 mm. The results obtained in our measurements show a variation with the results of other authors in different studies of osteological pieces and studies of the axis image (C2), which suggests the use of techniques and special measures for the atlantoaxial stabilization of the Mexican population in order to reduce the risk of damage to neurovascular structures.


Subject(s)
Humans , Atlanto-Axial Joint/anatomy & histology , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/anatomy & histology , Atlanto-Axial Joint/surgery , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico
2.
Acta ortop. bras ; 20(2): 75-78, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-622366

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Estudo anatômico do áxis através de tomografia computadorizada (TC) em crianças de dois a dez anos de idade, mensurando a angulação das lâminas, espessura e comprimento de lâminas e pedículos e espessura da massa lateral. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se 64 TCs da coluna cervical de indivíduos com idades entre 24 e 120 meses, de ambos os sexos e sem deformidades cervicais. Correlacionaram-se as variáveis estudadas com os grupos etários e sexo dos pacientes. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio do teste t. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que na faixa etária entre 24-48 meses, 5,5% das lâminas e 8,3% dos pedículos possuem espessura menores do que 3,5mm, espessura necessária para colocação de um parafuso. Entre 49-120 meses não há lâminas com espessuras menores do que 3,5mm e 1,2% dos pedículos possuem espessura menor do que 3,5mm. Em ambos os grupos etários não há comprimento de lâminas e pedículos menores do que 12 mm e massas laterais maiores do que 12 mm. CONCLUSÃO: A análise das dimensões obtidas no estudo permite, na maioria dos casos, a colocação de parafusos de 3,5mm nas lâminas e pedículos do áxis de crianças. Nível de Evidência II, Desenvolvimento de critérios diagnósticos em pacientes consecutivos.


OBJECTIVE: To carry out an anatomical study of the axis with the use of computed tomography (CT) in children aged from two to ten years, measuring the lamina angle, lamina and pedicle length and thickness, and lateral mass length. METHODS: Sixty-four CTs were studied from patients aged 24 to 120 months old, of both sexes and without any cervical anomaly. The measurements obtained were correlated with the data on age and sex of the patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the Students "t" tests. RESULTS: We found that within the age range 24-48 months, 5.5% of the lamina and 8.3% of the pedicles had thicknesses of less than 3.5mm, which is the minimum thickness needed for insertion of the screw. Between 49 and 120 months, there were no lamina thicknesses of less than 3.5mm, and 1.2% of the pedicle thicknesses were less than 3.5mm values. Neither of the age groups had any lamina and pedicle lengths of less than 12mm, or lateral mass lengths greater than 12mm. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the data obtained demonstrates that most of the time, is possible to use a 3.5mm pedicle screw in the laminas and pedicles of the axis in children. Level of Evidence: II, Development of diagnostic criteria in consecutive patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/anatomy & histology , Bone Screws , Spine/anatomy & histology , Lamins , Spinal Fusion , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
3.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 83(1): 235-246, Mar. 2011. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-578280

ABSTRACT

Sauropod axial anatomy is particularly important in understanding morphological features and phylogenetic analyses. Spatial arrangement of zygapophyses and rib articulations, as well as their complex laminar development, help to recognize the relative position of isolated vertebral elements. The presence of anterior, mid and posterior elements along the cervical, dorsal and caudal series in Bonitasaura salgadoi allows the analysis of several anatomical characteristics. These include the pattern of neurocentral closure with unfused, partially fused and completely fused elements in a peculiar temporal sequence, as well as several neural spine modifications and the laminar arrangement. The variations in neural spine morphology include a lateral expansion of the distal tip in cervico-dorsal region, different lateral constituents of these lateral expansions, and a marked deviation in spine angulation. The spinal inclination allows the division into three easily recognizable vertebral regions separated by two landmarks, which adds support in the determination of an accurate vertebral position for isolated elements. Finally, an analysis of the vertebral laminae reveals the importance of examining vertebral series in order to recognize laminar homologies and developmental series. Two vertebral laminae are analyzed here.


A anatomia axial dos saurópodes compõe um conjunto dedados fundamentais para a caracterização morfológica dostáxons, bem como para a determinação de suas relações filogenéticas. A disposição espacial das zigapófises e articulações das costelas, assim como de seu complexo de lâminas acessórias, auxiliam no reconhecimento da posição relativa de elementos vertebrais isolados. A preservação de vértebras anteriores, médias e posteriores nas séries cervical, dorsal e caudal de Bonitasaura salgadoi permite a análise de características adicionais diagnósticas observadas ao longo das séries vertebrais. Estas incluem o grau de fusão da sutura neurocentral,havendo elementos livres, parcialmente fundidos a completamente fundidos em uma sequência temporal peculiar, assim como a presença de diversas modificações do espinho neural e a disposição laminar. As variações na morfologia do espinho neural incluem uma expansão lateral em seu ápice distal na região cervico-dorsal, outros componentes laterais distintos destas expansões, e um desvio crânio-caudal marcado pela angulação do espinho neural. A inclinação espinal permite a divisão em três segmentos vertebrais reconhecíveis separados por duas linhas de transição. Finalmente, a análise das lâminas vertebrais revela a importância de examinar a série vertebral a fim de reconhecer homologias nas lâminas e nas séries de desenvolvimento. Neste trabalho são analisadas duas lâminas vertebrais.


Subject(s)
Animals , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/anatomy & histology , Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology , Argentina , Ribs/anatomy & histology , Spine/anatomy & histology
4.
An. Fac. Med. Univ. Fed. Pernamb ; 52(2): 105-111, 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-495349

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Mensuração direta do processo odontóide e a sua relação com a vertebra C2 em cadáveres adultos. Métodos: Foram analisadas 64 vértebras C2 de cadáveres adultos, pertencentes ao acervo do Departamento de Anatomia do Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, no período de outubro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Sendo 32 vértebras de indivíduos do gênero masculino e 32 do feminino, que foram submetidas a mensurações diretas com paquímetro de precisão para altura do odontóide e suas relações com o corpo C2, os diâmetros coronais e sagitais maiores e menores e sua angulação em relação ao corpo de C2 através de radiografias. Resultados: As dimensões dos processos são variáveis, sendo a altura média no grupo feminino igual a 14,16± 1,10mm e no masculino igual a 15,21± 1,15mm. O diâmetro transverso menor foi de 8,81± 0,47mm para o grupo feminino, enquanto que foram 9,38± 0,84mm para o masculino. O ângulo de inclinação variou de 0 a 26° no sentido posterior para os dois grupos. Foram observados dois grupos morfologicamente distintos de processo odontóide classificados de base estreita e corpo alargado e base larga e corpo estreito. A altura média do processo odontóide está abaixo de 15mm; diâmetro transverso do processo odontóide é menor do que o Antero-posterior; as médias das circunferências do corpo do odontóide são significantemente maiores do que as da base, tanto no tipo pediculado quanto no séssil. Conclusão: A morfometria, morfologia e a angulação dos processos odontóides são variáveis; a fixação do odontóide exige planejamento tomográfico prévio.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/anatomy & histology , Prospective Studies , Odontoid Process/anatomy & histology , Cervical Vertebrae/anatomy & histology , Cadaver , Immobilization , Models, Anatomic , Body Weights and Measures , Odontoid Process
5.
West Indian med. j ; 53(2): 131-134, Mar. 2004.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410521

ABSTRACT

At the craniocervical junction, developmental anomalies of the axis may produce clinical symptoms by compressing the upper cervical cord during movements of the head and neck. The present study aimed at investigating several varieties and deformities of the axis on skeletal specimens of Eastern Anatolian origin. On 76 specimens, developmental anomalies and the variants of the second vertebrae (axis) were investigated. Hypoplasia of the dens axis in one specimen, the dens axis of a child with a bifid apex in another specimen and an arthrotic formation located on the apex of the dens in six axes were found. A bone protrusion narrowing the transverse foramen was also observed. The types of absence of the dens axis and clinical symptoms that may be caused by them are discussed. It was concluded that the frequency of arthrotic formations might reflect the possibility that the individuals suffered less commonly from neck pain due to arthrotic degeneration


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/abnormalities , Axis, Cervical Vertebra/anatomy & histology , Turkey
6.
Neurol India ; 2000 Jun; 48(2): 120-5
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-121776

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to determine the safe site of entry and the appropriate trajectory of the screw implantation in the lateral masses of atlas (Cl) and axis (C2) during their fixation using the plate and screw technique. Fifty dried specimens of atlas and axis vertebrae were studied. Various dimensions of the lateral masses were quantitatively measured, laying stress on their relationship with the vertebral artery foramen. As the vertebral artery foramen was present entirely in the transverse process in all specimens, screw implantation in the facet of atlas was relatively safe. Best direction of screw implantation in the facet of atlas was observed to be 15 degrees medial to sagittal plane and 15 degrees superior to axial plane. It should be implanted from the middle of the posterior surface of facet. Vertebral artery foramen formed a deep groove in the undersurface of a majority of superior facets of axis. In 15% facets, vertebral artery foramen occupied the entire undersurface of the superior facet. Safe angle for screw implantation in the facet of axis through its pedicle was seen to be 40 degrees medial to sagittal plane and 20 degrees superior to axial plane. Safe site of screw entry in the axis was superior and medial third of the posterior surface of the pedicle. Quality of cancellous bone in the lateral masses in the proposed trajectory of screw in Cl and C2 was good, providing an excellent purchase of the screw.


Subject(s)
Axis, Cervical Vertebra/anatomy & histology , Bone Screws , Cervical Atlas/anatomy & histology , Humans , Spine/anatomy & histology , Vertebral Artery/anatomy & histology
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